Walnut is a close-grained hardwood native to south-eastern Europe, Central Asia, and western China. In England, the species most commonly used is Juglans regia, known variously as Circassian, European, French, or Common Walnut. Its colour ranges from golden brown to soft grey-brown, often enlivened with darker figuring. Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), introduced from North America in the late 17th century, has a richer, darker brown heartwood and also found favour with English cabinetmakers.
Among the most prized decorative cuts are burr (or burl) walnut and oyster veneer. Burr walnut, with its swirling, knotty grain formed by distorted growth, was introduced in the 17th century and became a fashionable choice for veneering oak carcases, producing striking panels of movement and depth. Oyster veneering, using cross-sections of branches or roots laid in circular patterns, was another highly distinctive and inventive technique.
During the early 18th century, walnut was the dominant cabinet wood in England and much of Europe, valued for its warmth of tone, workability, and ability to take both fine carving and veneer. From William and Mary to Queen Anne and into the early Georgian period, burr walnut veneer was used to great decorative effect on chests, cabinets, and bureau bookcases, often arranged in symmetrical patterns across drawer and door fronts. These pieces represent some of the most elegant and inventive furniture of the time.
By the mid-18th century, however, walnut was largely supplanted by imported mahogany, which offered greater strength, larger boards, and richer colour. Walnut did not regain its widespread popularity until the mid-Victorian revival of historic styles, when burr walnut was once again celebrated for its decorative beauty.
